The Buddha describes these four inversions of perception, thought, and view, and the four non-inversions. An uninstructed ordinary person perceives permanence in the impermanent, pleasure in the unsatisfactory, a self in what is impersonal, and beauty in the unattractive.

Raṭṭhapāla ordains after a fierce struggle with his parents and attains liberation. He later explains to King Korabya the four Dhamma summaries, revealing that despite worldly success, the world is fundamentally unstable, lacks shelter, offers no ownership, and remains forever insatiable.

“One who sees the Dhamma sees me.” When the dying Vakkali regrets not visiting the Master, the Buddha offers a radical correction: the physical body is not the Buddha. It ends with a dramatic search by Māra the Evil One, who hunts in vain for a consciousness that has found no footing.

In response to a king’s grief over his queen's death, the Buddha teaches that aging, illness, death, and loss are inevitable. He contrasts the self-torment of an ordinary person who resists these truths with the peace a learned disciple of the Noble Ones finds through acceptance, thereby removing the “poisonous dart of sorrow.”

A teaching on the fearless resolve that severs the lower fetters, followed by the exact inquiry for the wearing away of the taints.

The wearing away of the taints is dependent on the jhanas and formless bases. A meditator enters these states, perceives all present phenomena as impermanent and not-self, and directs the mind toward the deathless element.

The Dhamma can be like a snake that bites if grasped wrongly. This discourse tackles the danger of misinterpretation, sparked by a bhikkhu who claimed sensual pleasures weren’t obstructions. The Buddha warns that a “wrong grasp” of the teachings leads to harm, while the right grasp leads to liberation. The ultimate goal is to use the teachings like a raft to cross over, letting go of all views—especially the view of a permanent self—to end suffering.

The Buddha explains that those recollecting past lives are merely recalling one or more of the five aggregates. He defines each aggregate and shows how a noble disciple sees them as impermanent, unsatisfactory, and not suitable to identify with, leading to disenchantment, dispassion, and liberation.

Only after fully understanding the gratification, drawback, and escape in the case of form, feeling, perception, intentional constructs, and consciousness, the Buddha declared that he had attained the unsurpassed perfect awakening.

The Buddha shares verses on the great heroes who wander freely, taintless, boldly roaring their lion’s roar.

On a full moon night with the Sangha at Sāvatthi, the Buddha answers a series of ten questions on the aggregates. He answers on the root of clinging, the cause and condition for the designation of the aggregates, how personal existence view arises, the gratification, danger, and escape from the aggregates, and on ending conceit.

When wanderers press Anurādha to define an Awakened One after death, he struggles to answer. He approaches the Buddha for guidance, and the Buddha uses an inquiry based on the five aggregates to demonstrate that an Awakened One cannot be found even in this very life.

Which things should a virtuous bhikkhu radically attend to? Venerable Sāriputta explains how a bhikkhu at each stage of awakening should radically attend to the five aggregates that are subject to clinging.

Recounting his ultra-delicate upbringing, the Buddha exposes the cognitive blindness of the ordinary mind, which reacts to decay with aversion while ignoring its own vulnerability. By projecting these realities inward, he shattered the three human intoxications with youth, health, and life.

The Buddha shares the four kinds of persons — those who cultivate loving-kindness, compassion, appreciative joy, and equanimity while perceiving drawbacks — and the difference in their rebirths.

The Buddha explains the distinction between the uninstructed ordinary person and the learned disciple of the Noble Ones regarding the eight worldly conditions.

The Buddha describes on the impermanent, stressful and not-self nature of the five aggregates of form, feeling, perception, formations and consciousness.

The view ‘This is my self’ arises from clinging to the five aggregates. Recognizing any arising clinging to these and seeing the aggregates as impermanent, unsatisfactory, and subject to change leads to stream-entry.

The Buddha provides a detailed analysis of the six sense bases, differentiating worldly feelings based on attachment from those born of renunciation and insight. He outlines a progressive path of abandoning lower states for higher ones, guiding practitioners through refined meditative states toward complete liberation.

The Buddha describes how to see the three felt experiences that are experienced on contact through the sense doors - pleasant, painful, and neither-painful-nor-pleasant.

The Buddha uses a simile of a bronze cup of beverage mixed with poison to illustrate how craving for agreeable and pleasant sense experiences leads to acquisition and suffering, while wisely seeing their impermanent nature leads to the end of suffering through the abandoning of craving.

The Buddha shares a reflection on the three characteristics of impermanence, unsatisfactoriness and not-self for the five aggregates of form, feeling, perception, formations, and consciousness.

Recognizing the six internal sense bases as impermanent, unsatisfactory, and not-self leads to disenchantment, dispassion, and subsequently, liberation.

A dying lay disciple, Dīghāvu, invites the Buddha to his sickbed. Already established in the four factors of stream entry and in deep insight into impermanence, unsatisfactoriness, and dispassion, he receives a final exhortation to keep his mind on the Dhamma. After his passing, the Buddha declares Dīghāvu a non-returner who will attain final Nibbāna.

Before his awakening, the Bodhisatta reflected on the gratification in the world, the drawback in the world, and the escape from it.

When approached with abundant offerings, the Buddha expresses a heartfelt wish to avoid fame, and speaks of five contemplations which result in being established in dispassion and wisdom.

The Buddha explains the distinction between how an uninstructed ordinary person and a learned disciple of the Noble Ones respond to the five unobtainable states of aging, illness, death, perishing, and loss.

Seven perceptions, of 1) unattractiveness, 2) death, 3) unpleasantness of food, 4) non-delight in the whole world, 5) impermanence, 6) unsatisfactoriness in impermanence, and 7) not-self in unsatisfactoriness, that when cultivated and frequently practiced lead to the deathless, in brief.

Seven perceptions, of 1) unattractiveness, 2) death, 3) unpleasantness of food, 4) non-delight in the whole world, 5) impermanence, 6) unsatisfactoriness in impermanence, and 7) not-self in unsatisfactoriness, that when cultivated and frequently practiced lead to the deathless, in detail.

After his full awakening, the Buddha surveys the world, seeing beings aflame with passion, aversion, and delusion. He reflects on the nature of the world and the suffering inherent in existence. By seeing the world as it truly is, he points to the path of liberation.